卷积神经网络（CNNS）的出现导致了它们在若干域中的应用。一个值得注意的应用是自主驱动的感知系统，它依赖于来自CNN的预测。从业者通过在独立的测试数据集上计算各种指标来评估此类CNN的泛化能力。通常基于一个前提条件，即其元素不是培训数据的一部分来选择测试数据集。这样的数据集可能包含既具有相似和新颖的w.r.t的对象。训练数据集。尽管如此，现有的作品不会估计测试样品的新颖性，并同样对其进行评估以进行评估。这种新颖性的基于基于的评估具有重要性，以验证自主驾驶应用中CNN中的CNN的适应性。因此，我们提出了一种CNN泛化评分框架，其考虑了测试数据集中的对象的新颖性。我们从表示学习技术开始将图像数据减少到低维空间中。在这个空间上，我们估计了测试样本的新颖性。最后，我们计算概括得分作为测试数据预测性能和新颖性的组合。我们对我们的交通灯检测应用进行了一个实验研究。此外，我们系统地可视化了一种可解释的新奇概念的结果。

Free-text rationales (FTRs) follow how humans communicate by explaining reasoning processes via natural language. A number of recent works have studied how to improve language model (LM) generalization by using FTRs to teach LMs the correct reasoning processes behind correct task outputs. These prior works aim to learn from FTRs by appending them to the LM input or target output, but this may introduce an input distribution shift or conflict with the task objective, respectively. We propose KNIFE, which distills FTR knowledge from an FTR-augmented teacher LM (takes both task input and FTR) to a student LM (takes only task input), which is used for inference. Crucially, the teacher LM's forward computation has a bottleneck stage in which all of its FTR states are masked out, which pushes knowledge from the FTR states into the task input/output states. Then, FTR knowledge is distilled to the student LM by training its task input/output states to align with the teacher LM's. On two question answering datasets, we show that KNIFE significantly outperforms existing FTR learning methods, in both fully-supervised and low-resource settings.

传统的数据湖泊通过启用时间旅行，运行SQL查询，使用酸性交易摄入数据以及可视化PBABYTE尺度数据集在云存储中，为分析工作负载提供了关键的数据基础架构。它们使组织能够分解数据孤岛，解锁数据驱动的决策，提高运营效率并降低成本。但是，随着深度学习接管常见的分析工作流程，传统数据湖泊对诸如自然语言处理（NLP），音频处理，计算机视觉和涉及非尾巴数据集的应用程序的有用程度降低。本文介绍了Deep Lake，这是一个开源湖泊，用于在Activeloop开发的深度学习应用程序。 Deep Lake保持了一项关键区别的香草数据湖的好处：它以张量的形式存储复杂数据，例如图像，视频，注释以及表格数据，并将数据迅速流式传输到网络上（a ）张量查询语言，（b）浏览器可视化引擎或（c）不牺牲GPU利用率的深度学习框架。可以从Pytorch，Tensorflow，Jax，与许多MLOPS工具集成在一起的数据集。

当训练机器学习分类器上的一个类本质上很少见的数据时，分类器通常会为稀有班级分配太少的来源。为了解决这个问题，通常是重量重量罕见类的示例以确保不忽略它。由于相同的原因，训练源类型平衡更接近的限制数据也是一种经常的做法。在这里，我们表明这些实践可以将模型偏向于过度分配稀有阶级的资源。我们还探讨了如何检测训练数据偏见何时对训练的模型的预测以及如何减少偏见的影响产生统计学上的显着影响。尽管此处开发的技术的影响的大小会随应用程序的细节而变化，但在大多数情况下，它应该适度。但是，它们普遍适用于每次使用机器学习分类模型，使其类似于Bessel对样本方差的校正。

Fusing satellite imagery acquired with different sensors has been a long-standing challenge of Earth observation, particularly across different modalities such as optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. Here, we explore the joint analysis of imagery from different sensors in the light of representation learning: we propose to learn a joint embedding of multiple satellite sensors within a deep neural network. Our application problem is the monitoring of lake ice on Alpine lakes. To reach the temporal resolution requirement of the Swiss Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) office, we combine three image sources: Sentinel-1 SAR (S1-SAR), Terra MODIS, and Suomi-NPP VIIRS. The large gaps between the optical and SAR domains and between the sensor resolutions make this a challenging instance of the sensor fusion problem. Our approach can be classified as a late fusion that is learned in a data-driven manner. The proposed network architecture has separate encoding branches for each image sensor, which feed into a single latent embedding. I.e., a common feature representation shared by all inputs, such that subsequent processing steps deliver comparable output irrespective of which sort of input image was used. By fusing satellite data, we map lake ice at a temporal resolution of < 1.5 days. The network produces spatially explicit lake ice maps with pixel-wise accuracies > 91% (respectively, mIoU scores > 60%) and generalises well across different lakes and winters. Moreover, it sets a new state-of-the-art for determining the important ice-on and ice-off dates for the target lakes, in many cases meeting the GCOS requirement.

人工推理通常可以理解为两个系统之间的相互作用：直观和关联（“系统1”）和审议和逻辑（“系统2”）。神经序列模型 - 在执行复杂，结构化任务时越来越成功 - 表现出系统1的优点和故障模式：它们是快速和学习数据的模式，但通常不一致和不连贯。在这项工作中，我们通过添加系统2-Inspired逻辑推理，寻求一种轻量级，无培训的手段来改善现有系统1样序列模型。我们探讨了该主题的几种变体，其中通过符号推理模块检查来自神经序列模型的候选几代，可以通过符号推理模块来接受或拒绝几代人。我们的方法使用神经推理来介导神经系统1和逻辑系统2.导致强大的故事生成和接地的指示，表明这种方法可以增加神经基代的一致性和准确性。

为了实现对日常生活的人类常识，机器学习系统必须理解和理解环境中其他代理人的目标，偏好和行动。在他们的第一年的生命结束时，人类婴儿直观地实现了如此常识，这些认知成就为人类丰富而复杂地了解他人的心理状态。Can Machines可以实现更广泛的，致辞推理对人类婴儿这样的其他药剂吗？婴儿直觉的基准（围兜）挑战机器，以预测代理人行为的合理性，基于其行动的基本原因。由于BIB的内容和范式从发育认知科学中采用，因此BIB允许在人类和机器性能之间直接比较。尽管如此，最近提出的深度学习的机构推理模型未能表现出婴儿的推理，让围兜成为一个开放的挑战。

Humans can understand and produce new utterances effortlessly, thanks to their compositional skills. Once a person learns the meaning of a new verb "dax," he or she can immediately understand the meaning of "dax twice" or "sing and dax." In this paper, we introduce the SCAN domain, consisting of a set of simple compositional navigation commands paired with the corresponding action sequences. We then test the zero-shot generalization capabilities of a variety of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) trained on SCAN with sequence-to-sequence methods. We find that RNNs can make successful zero-shot generalizations when the differences between training and test commands are small, so that they can apply "mix-and-match" strategies to solve the task. However, when generalization requires systematic compositional skills (as in the "dax" example above), RNNs fail spectacularly. We conclude with a proof-of-concept experiment in neural machine translation, suggesting that lack of systematicity might be partially responsible for neural networks' notorious training data thirst.

Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has renewed interest in building systems that learn and think like people. Many advances have come from using deep neural networks trained end-to-end in tasks such as object recognition, video games, and board games, achieving performance that equals or even beats humans in some respects. Despite their biological inspiration and performance achievements, these systems differ from human intelligence in crucial ways. We review progress in cognitive science suggesting that truly human-like learning and thinking machines will have to reach beyond current engineering trends in both what they learn, and how they learn it. Specifically, we argue that these machines should (a) build causal models of the world that support explanation and understanding, rather than merely solving pattern recognition problems; (b) ground learning in intuitive theories of physics and psychology, to support and enrich the knowledge that is learned; and (c) harness compositionality and learning-to-learn to rapidly acquire and generalize knowledge to new tasks and situations. We suggest concrete challenges and promising routes towards these goals that can combine the strengths of recent neural network advances with more structured cognitive models.